資料保管庫

【一次資料集－Headline Before 2000】

2000-11-27

The application of Community competition law by the national courts - Mario MONTI [EC]

Europäische Rechtsakademie - "Towards the Application of Article 81(3) by National Courts" - Trier - 27.11.2000

2000-07-24

Commission clears Vizzavi Internet portal venture between Vodafone, Vivendi and Canal+ subject to conditions [EC]

2000-05-12

Commission approves the EBU-Eurovision system

adopted a decision that grants an exemption from normal antitrust law to the rules of the EBU governing the joint acquisition and sharing of broadcasting rights for sports events in the framework of the Eurovision system. The exemption is valid until 2005

2000-04-10

Report from the Commission to the Council, the European Parliament and the Economic and Social Committee on the implementation and effects of directive 91/250/EEC on the legal protection of computer programs [EC]

2000-03　EC

The Lisbon Strategy

An agenda of economic and social renewal for Europe – ‘the knowledge based society’ ‘enriching the European concept of public service’

Contribution of the European Commission to the Spring European Council (COM 2000/7)

Lisbon 23 - 24th March 2000

2000-02

Pluralism in the Multi-Channel Market – Consultant’s Report to the Council of Europe, Directorate of Human Rights, Group of Specialists on Media Pluralism, MM-S-PL[99] 12 def 2. by Christopher T. Marsden [EU]

2000

Federal Trade Commission v. H.J.Heinz Co., 116 F.Supp. 2d 190 (D.D.C.2000), rev’d, 246 F.3d 708 (D.C.Cir.2001) [US DC Circuit Court]

creating a maverick

1999-04-09

Stephen Byers blocks BSkyB/Manchester United Merger [DTI]

1999-03-25

The concentration between Gencor and Lonrho is incompatible with the common market – Gencor case T-102/96 [EC]

cf. press release

1998-12-21

Commission opens up the market for comprehensive weekly TV guides in Ireland and Northern Ireland - Magill case [EC]

1998-10-23

Commission reaches preliminary agreement with British Interactive Broadcasting (BiB)

1998-05-27

Commission prohibits BERTELSMANN/ KIRCH/PREMIERE and DEUTSCHE TELEKOM / BETARESEARCH mergers [EC]

Case No IV/M.993 – Bertelsmann/Kirch/Premiere (1999-02-27 OJ L53/1) [EC]

Pluralism and competition policy

1998

Notice on the application of the competition rules to access agreements in the telecommunications sector, OJ C 265, 22.8.1998 [EC]

1997-12-09

Commission Notice on the definition of relevant market for the purposes of Community Competition Law, OJ [1997] C 372/5, [1998] 4 CMLR 177 [EC]

1997-06-26

Case C-368/95, Vereinigte Familiapress Zeitungsverlags- und vertriebs GmbH v Heinrich Bauer Verlag, [1997] ECR I-3689 – Fundamental Rights

’promoting press diversity’ has to interpreted in the light of general principles and fundamental rights, including freedom of expression under Article 10 ECHR

---for now this case and ERT jurisprudence remains in place, but Jacobs criticized wider competence. In addition, the legal nature of the Charter has not been decided: will be clear at IGC 2004

1997

Image Technical Services, Inc. v. Eastman Kodak Co., 125 F.3d 1195 (1997)

IP defense

1996-01-25

Antitrust in Network Industries [DOJ]

Address by Carl Shapiro, Before the American Law Institute and American Bar Association “Antitrust/Intellectual Property Claims in High Technology Markets”

1996

C-333/94 P Tetra Pak v Commission (Tetra Pak II) [1996] ECR I-5951

Leverage of market power

1995-12-15

Bosman case [ECJ/EC]

1995-07-10

大阪バス協会事件

一般法・特別法論

1995-11 Fin-Syn rule ceased to exist for Portal Web!

cf.1995-04-05　FCC

Review of the Syndication and Financial Interest Rules (fin-syn rule)[.WP]

In 1991, rules relaxed and in 1993, schedule was set [Second Report and Order in MM Docket No. 90-162 ("Second R&O")] to expire in November 10, 1995

cf.1995-03-07　FTC　

Review of the Prime Time Access Rule, Section 73.658(k) of the FCC’s rule – economic review on NPRM for seeking comments on proposal to relax or eliminate PTAR

Both rule are adopted in 1970

memo: 1924年以来、FTCはFCCの事例にコメント; FCCはコミュニケーション産業において、個々の競争者を保護するのではなく、消費者厚生を最大化させることを企図; ネットワークが垂直統合のインセンティブを持つのは、(1)インハウス制作が外部調達より効率的である場合(2)外部プロダクションが市場支配力を行使している場合(3)ネットワークが垂直統合を通じて水平的市場支配力を獲得する場合、の三通り。競争法の問題の生じるのは(3)のみ;

1994-06-27

TURNER BROADCASTING SYSTEM, INC. v. FCC (1994) [US Supreme Court]

First Amendment and “must-carry”

1993-12-14

社会保険庁シール入札談合刑事事件

ヨコのカルテル、タテのカルテル

1993-09-27 Newly added!

Council Directive 93/83/EEC of 27 September 1993 on the coordination of certain rules concerning copyright and rights related to copyright applicable to satellite broadcasting and cable transmission, OJ L 248, pp.15-21 – Copyright…authorship

Article 1(5) – ‘For the purposes of this Directive the principal director of a cinematographic or audiovisual work shall be considered as its author or one of its authors. Member States may provide for others to be considered as its co-authors’

1993-06-21

BROOKE GROUP LTD. v. BROWN & WILLIAMSON TOBACCO CORP., 509 U.S. 209 (1993) [US Supreme Court]

Predatory pricing - ’recoup’

1993-05-19

Criminal proceedings against Paul Corbeau Case C-320/91 [1993] ECR I-2533, [1995] 4 CMLR 621

ECJ referred to the scope of the monopoly given to the Belgian Post Office and ruled that it was illegal to the extent that it could not be justified under Article 86(2).

1993, 1991

AKZO Chemie BV v Commission [1991] ECR 3359, Case C-62/86 [1993] 5 CMLR 215

1992-12-19 Newly added!

Council Directive 92/100/EEC of 19 November 1992 on rental right and lending right and on certain related to copyright in the field of intellectual property, OJ L 346, pp.61-66 – Copyright…authorship

Article 2(2) – ‘For the purposes of this Directive the principal director of a cinematographic or audiovisual work shall be considered as its author or one of its authors. Member States may provide for others to be considered as its co-authors’

1992-06-08

EASTMAN KODAK CO. v. IMAGE TECH. SVCS., 504 U.S. 451 (1992) [US Supreme Court]

Decision’s focus on the implications of customer lock-in and the consequences of imperfect information

1991-12

Merci Convenzionale Porto di Genova v Siderurgica Gabrielli Case C-179/90 [1991] ECR I-5889, [1994] 4 CMLR 422

1991-11-19

Joint Cases C-6/90 and C-9/90 Francovich, [1991] ECR I-5357; [1993] 2 CMLR 66 – State liability for breaches of Community law

1991-06-18

ERT v Dimotiki Case C-260/89 [1991] ECR I-2925, [1994] 4 CMLR 540 – Fundamental Rights

ECJ held that if a Member State granted the same undertaking both exclusive right to transmit TV and the right to retransmit broadcasts, it would infringe Article 86(1) when this created a situation in which the broadcaster would be led to infringe Article 82.

--- the competence of the Court was widened: see 1985-07-11

1991

Hofner & Elser v Macrotron [1991] ECR 1979

1991

RTT v GB-Inno-BM Case C-18/88 [1991] ECR I-5941

ECJ stated that the extension of RTT’s monopoly was itself a state measure contrary to Article 86(1). – Monopoly Leveraging Theory

cf. Telemarketing, Case-311/84 [1985] ECR 3261, [1986] 2 CMLR 558

1991

Guidelines on the application of EEC Competition rules in the Telecommunications sector, OJ C 233, 6.9.1991

1990-06-19

Case 213/89 Factortame I, [1990] ECR I-2433; [1990] 3 CMLR 1

1989-07-13 Newly added!

Joined cases 110/88, 241/88 and 242/88 François Lucazeau and others v Société des Auteurs, Compositeurs et Editeurs de Musique (SACEM) and others [1989] ECR 2811.

– Collective Society

tolerated monopolies, or quasi-monopolies, by the Collecting Societies for serving right holders and collecting license fees, as long as the assumption could be made that such monopolistic structures would be the only means of effective protection of the rights of individual owners

1986-03-06

MATSUSHITA ELEC. INDUSTRIAL CO. v. ZENITH RADIO, 475 U.S. 574 (1986) [US Supreme Court]

Predatory pricing and related practices cf. Areeda&Turner

1985-07-11

Case 60&61/84 Cinéthèque SA and others v Fédération nationale des cinémas français, [1985] ECR 2605 – Fundamental Rights

derogation from community law requirement – ‘the promotion of the cinematographic industry’ in France is within the jurisdiction of the national legislator

1984-04-10

Case 14/83 Von Colson [1984] ECR 1891; [1986] 2 CMLR 430 – The Principle of indirect effect

1984-02-24

石油価格カルテル刑事事件

独禁法の究極の目的、「公共の利益に反して」の解釈

1982-07-06

French Republic, Italian Republic and UK v Commission Case C-188/90/80 [1982] ECR 2545

Governments challenged the Directive 80/723 under Article 86(3), Transparency Guideline, legislated by Commission

1982-10-06

Srl CILFIT and Lanificio di Gavardo SpA v Ministry of Health Case 283/81 [1982] ECR 3415

Obligation to request a preliminary ruling…Provided that the point of law has already been determined by the ECJ, it can be relied on by a national court in a later case, thereby obviating the need for a reference ‘ACTE CLAIR’ Doctrine

1982

Beltone Electronics Corp., 100 F.T.C. 68, 204 (1982) [FTC]

1979-04-17

BROADCAST MUSIC, INC. v. CBS, 441 U.S. 1 (1979) [US Supreme Court]

Blanket lincese

1979-02-20

Rewe-Zentral AG v Bundesmonopolverwaltung für Branntwein Case 120/78 [1979] ECR 649 – Cassis de Dijon

doctrine to invalidate trade barriers which cannot be justified under one of the mandatory requirements: the Court decided that a German rule which prescribed the minimum alcohol content for a certain alcoholic beverage could constitute an impediment to the free movement of goods

1979

Berkey Photo v. Eastman Kodak Co., 603 F.2d 263 (1979) [US 2^nd Circuit Court]

Monopoly leveraging

1978-03-09

Case 106/77 Simmenthal [1978] ECR 629; [1978] 3 CMLR 263 - Supremacy

1978

United Brands v Commission Case 27/76 [1978] ECR 207 [EC]

The concept of dominant position in Article 82

1977-06-23

CONTINENTAL T. V., INC. v. GTE SYLVANIA INC., 433 U.S. 36 (1977) [US Supreme Court]

The first substantive Supreme Court antitrust decision shaped by Chicago school

1973-02-21 ECJ

Case 6/72 Europemballage Corporation and Continental Can Company v Commission [1973] ECR 215

Application of Article 82(ex. 86) for merger, in the absence of ECMR

1974

Belgische Radio en Televisie (BRT) v SABAM Case 127/73 [1974] ECR 313, [1974] 2 CMLR 238

ECJ established the direct applicability of Article 81 and 82 to the undertakings described in Article 86(2)

1972-03-24

Europemballage Corporation and Continental Can Company Inc. v Commission of the European Communities [EC]

Court gave an expansive interpretation to Article 82, to hold that mergers and take-overs could be included within the concept of ‘abuse of a dominant position’ even though there was no mention of merger control in the EC Treaty